Introduction
In the life of modern man, the phone plays an important role. Its use is required at all and this in almost all areas, all human institutions. It has direct impacts on human life. It is for some means of communication to better manage time, reduce cost expenditures, fight phobia of loneliness, self-expression. It arouses the admiration, the quest for possession and use. But for others, the phone is considered a disability
[1] . It paralyzes the need for face to face dialogue between the human race requires strong domestic spending. And, therefore, it takes us away from each other significantly. Faced with this problem, the questions arise here: what does the term phone? Product of human genius, is how does it happen? What was the invention of the telephone?
Our work will consist of four parts. The first round will present meanings of the word telephone and the second will be a short presentation of the media before the advent of the telephone and the third will focus on the creation of the electric telephone and the fourth will focus on post-invention and diffusion of the telephone. We will complete work on a news item.
I. Phone: Acceptances
Many approaches, the meanings of the word done around phone. It is presented now as a communication system originally designed to transmit the human voice, sometimes as a set of techniques for remote transmission of speech. It is indeed a device, an instrument that allows reception and transmission of sound remotely
[2] via cable and electrical circuits. Etymologically, the phone is composed of two words, which means TV remote and phone meaning sound.
II. To phone 2.1 Brief presentation of the first communication means
Since men have always sought to communicate quickly, quickly and efficiently. The easiest way was to make a man run from one place to another carrying a message. But at a given moment, - 490, Marathon, one who carried the message is dead. From that moment on, we said we need another method. So we fell back on how much less dangerous. They tried to fire, smoke signals and criers. But when there was fog, with fire and smoke, and if was too far away, we could not make the message heard. For centuries, we had to settle mail to horse and pigeon. There are as many day's walk, so he yad'hommes and horses separated by distance as you cross in one day
[3] . And we had a mania for killing the messenger who brought bad news.
2.2 From the metal pipe Benedictine monk Don Gauthey to play phone
In 1667, the physicist Robert Hooke, to answer the question: how to transmit the sounds, the human voice at a distance? wrote:
"
It is not impossible to hear a sound long-range [...], and it could even multiply that distance without being able to tax the impossible. [...] I know an easy way to hear the speech through a wall of a thick ... that by using a taut wire, I could instantly transmit sound at a great distance and with a speed as fast if not than that of light, at least incomparably greater than that of sound in air. This transmission can be performed not only with the wire stretched in a straight line, but when this thread has several elbows [4] . "
Posterity does not seem given immediately following his explanation. However, in the late eighteenth century was in 1783, the Benedictine monk Don Gauthey discovered through a pipe that carried the water for a fire engine, the ability to transmit sound, message using metal tubes. It took two and placed each in a piece of pipe. He noted how easily they were able to communicate. But lack of money to continue, the project will fall into the water. Except, it would keep the idea we replaced the pipe by acoustic tubes and we will install some large houses.
A little later, we will adapt this idea to make Don Gauthey toy phones: A string, two cardboard cylinders and a small parchment like membrane that is sold in France at that time (1855) 1, 50 F.
III. The creation of the electric telephone
3.1 toy telephones and transmitting messages over electrical power
The Americans used the idea of a toy phone. They replaced the cardboard by metal and string with wire. They arrived, with the son of the same gender, to make presentations to five miles away. But it was the maximum and it took out loudly.
The real solution would come from the side of electricity. Towards the early 19th century, scholars Ampere Harago, noting that by varying the electric current, it can happen to disseminate messages. After having finished discussing the code (MORC), we got to spread messages by electricity. And here we were wondering if we can transmit messages, why not the human voice
[5] . From that time, researchers began to look for solutions.
3.2. Research scientists before Alexander Graham Bell
In the nineteenth century, several researchers devised to carry voice by electricity. Charles Bourseul, agent of the telegraph office in La Bourse in Paris, shows, en1854, the vibrations of the human voice can be transmitted, but met widespread skepticism.
Johann Philipp Reis in 1861 In 1860, Philipp Reis made a device, enabling Remote transmit sound and voice with the power. This device consists of two parts Philipp Reiss, in a document called the 1863 phone (transmitter) and reproducing apparatus (receiver). It has not been regarded as the inventor of the telephone. This is because it failed to sell his project to improve its product in order to find a practical use. However he has the word "phone".
The receiver consists of a sound box on the two bridges which is supported on a wire about the size of a knitting needle. An electromagnetic coil wire and the envelope is enclosed by a cover which concentrates the sound already amplified by the sound box. This case is even provided with two openings below the coil.
← ← Transmitter Receiver
The transmitter is made from a tin sound that was at its top a large circular opening through which was stretched a membrane, and the center of it was adapted slightly hard platinum, above which was attached a metal spike that was with the disk switch. On one side of this box is the mouthpiece for collecting sounds and direct them to the inside of the box to the then reacting on the membrane.
(Du Moncel Th, Telephone, P. 15.)
Antonio Meucci, an Italian-born American engineer, is the inventor of the telephone. The latter, after his return from Cuba in May 1850, would have made an installation for his wife, crippled by arthritis attacks: it is a device for conveying the sound between his office and the Board of his wife. He named it "Télétrophone.
Drawing Meucci ← Télétrophone
The "circuit, Number 1" experience proves that Antonio Meucci said it has executed September 27, 1870. Toured the "Number 2" and "Number 3"; defer the "Number 1" only through the insertion after the bottom line of an inductor formed around an iron core in horseshoe-shaped or barrel. In the "circuit, Number 4," Meucci has placed an inductor at both ends of the line between phone and land. Telecommunications engineers immediately identify the technique illustrated in this diagram: the inductive loading of telephone lines.
(Internet, WWW. Google.com)
But Meucci ran into three problems: his difficulty speaking English, his financial worries and support to the Italian revolution. The following years were difficult, and he was forced to sell the rights to many of his inventions. He was wounded in the explosion of a steamboat, and his wife sold prototypes of his inventions, including the telephone, an antiques dealer to pay for his hospitalization. The buyer, remains unknown today, has never done anything apparently.
In September 1871, Antonio filed a provisional application and pay-phone patent. Lacking the means to extend it, he who was afraid of losing his invention in a prototype quickly rebuilt. In 1874, he tried to contact the manager of a telegraph company, Western Union, to show him his "speaking telegraph". The secretary of the company postponed for two years making appointments, and finally claimed that it had "lost" the prototype. Is not that him, June 15, 2002, the U.S. Congress officially recognized as the inventor of the telephone and not Alexander Graham Bell?
[6] 3.3. Alexander Graham Bell (1842-1922) and the electric telephone
3.3.1 Approaches
Bell Alexander Graham Bell, famous Scottish physicist, teacher for the deaf-mutes in Boston in 1874, studied the works of M. Helmholtz on the combination of sounds. In these studies, he thought that if two electromagnets placed at both ends of a circuit were used to reinforce a series of iron rods of different lengths and placed in exactly the same conditions at both sites, the sounds of speech might impress such and such stems, depending on whether they would agree more or less with their fundamental sound and vibration that could result from such stalks, the position transmitter, extra-induction currents capable of making length corresponding to the receiving station
[7] . He was not an electrician, was found for such sound reproduction combined, the need for continuous currents and wave. After seeking advice from Mr. Hubbard in 1875, to whom he spoke of the vibrations caused by the transmitter, which might result in resistance of the circuit changes proportional to these vibrations, Bell did his research by his father 24 May 1875. On 2 June of that year, he noted, under the influence of extra-currents that resulted from mergers and removals of vibrating frame, he could electrically connecting the electro-magnets and inserting a battery in the circuit, to ensure that the vibrations of one of these frames were reproduced by the other. And together with John Watson, his assistant, he was researching the possibility of correct Telegraph carry multiple messages at once and build a machine to help a deaf to hear.
But at the end of June 1875, by chance, the electric current was too strong and membranes will be welded, Bell Watson would have heard in another room to experiment. And there it was said to be on track. Continuing his research, Bell noted that he could get the sound transmission without batteries by replacing the iron core electromagnets above a magnetic steel core. In this way, he would, before September 1875, at its first creation called at the Philadelphia Exhibition in 1876, the wonder of wonders by W. Thomson
[8] . In
September 1875, Bell went to Canada to meet Mr Brown, English electrician to explain his ideas on the electric transmission of speech and his desire to take charge on behalf of patent England and Europe, while he himself would take them to America. Mr. Brown was murdered a few months later.
3.3.2 The creation of Bell
This is a small circular wooden box suitable for the end of a stick of wood that also contains in its interior the bar magnet. The latter is fixed by means of a screw and is arranged to be advanced or retreated when tightening or loosening the screw, provided for adjusting the camera. At the free end of the bar is fixed the magnetic coil which must give the maximum effect, be constructed with a thread and make a lot of turns. The ends of the coil lead wire is most commonly at the lower end of the round by two copper rods which pass through it in its length and just connect two button fastening where we fixed the son of circuit. However appliances
constructed, there is no home button and it's a little twist of two flexible son covered with gutta-percha and silk that is attached to two rods, a wooden cap screwed then at the end of the handle and twist through the hole in the cap; of so there is no way impeded in the handling of the device. Greenhouse son son adapted to the ends of the twist of garlic can reunite them with those of the circuit. (From Moncel, P. 32) On January 20, 1876 Bell submitted his patent application at the U.S. Patent Office. But the patent was officially presented with the forms of discipline as 14 February 1876 to 14 hours, two hours before another American: Elisha Gray. Bell, after demonstrating the construction of the phone is held by the world as one who for the first time, delivered a voice in Boston March 10, 1876
[9] . But the authenticity of its inception has raised disbelief.
▲
The Bell system is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The vibrations transmitted by the voice of the transmitter to the membrane indicates a change in magnetic flux of a bar magnet placed in front of him, causing electric currents, called induction. (Explanation: see above)
Bell System
If we represent by the ordinates of a curve intensities of electric current and duration of closures of this current by the abscissae, the curve given may represent the wave above or below a line of x, depending on whether the current is positive or negative, and these waves may be more or less accentuated depending on whether the currents are transmitted more or snapshots. If
currents, interrupted to produce sound, are quite instantaneous in their manifestation, the curve represents a series of serrations isolated and if the interruptions are made so as to cause only differences in intensity.
Finally, if current emissions are made so that the intensities are successively increasing or decreasing, the curve takes the appearance shown a "W". Now I give the first name of the current intermittent streams, the second name of current pulse and the third wave current name [1]. (See Du Moncel, Telephone, P 48-50)
Bell Telephone
This long-distance phone reproduced articulate words, and this result was beyond anything that physicists had been able to conceive. This time, the machine was talking and even spoke loud enough not to need to be pressed against the ear
[10] .
To use as a regular phone from Bell, it must speak clearly in front of the mouth of the phone that holds in his hand, while the listener placed at the corresponding station holds his ear against the mouth of telephone receiver. Both devices consist a closed circuit with both son that connect them, but one is enough to fully realize the transmission. In practice, it is necessary to have two telephones at each station to have one's ear while they talk in the other
[11] .
IV. The Bell telephone and posterity
A year after the description by every newspaper in the world experiences of Mr. Bell, several claims have views on the day. View the success of Bell's invention, trials with Elisha Gray and MM. Edison wanted to put their rights to this discovery took place. It resulted investigations at that time none of the two systems had been executed, and that early experiences of Mr. Bell had power to show the possibility of transmission of speech. In addition, it has been demonstrated in both trials, that it is Graham Bell, who first was able to talk the phone, by applying DC currents and wave, according to the vibration of the voice. Mr. Bell had built in March 1876 his unit to liquid, and May 10 this year, this unit was the subject of an author's submission to the Academy of Boston
[12] . But can we say that everything is finally completed after the victory of Bell?
Bell's invention was used to a lot of other scientists to develop over the ages the telephone call. Mr. Mac Kendrick will show that the phone can be heard on several listeners is taking on both son joining the two phones matching derivations leading to different phones that can easily be as many as 5 or 6 on the short circuits or by means of a small sound box closed by two membranes, one of which light is attached to the vibrating plate. By reaching this fund a number of acoustic tubes, several people could hear very clearly. In New York, we showed that we could do speak five installments at different points of a telegraph line by inserting in the same circuit simultaneous hearings. In 1878, Garnier Pollar and showed a perfectly ordinary phone can emit musical sounds could be heard in a room big enough while being attached to the wall. And the Bell telephone was able to travel the world with slight modifications for the development.
Conclusion: Bell and Antonio Meucci
Until 2002, Alexander Graham Bell is best known for inventing the electric telephone. His contributions to the history of development of remote viewing are less known. It is true that they are indirect, but they have strongly stimulated the imagination of his contemporaries. However, in 2003, investigations led to another inventor Antonio Meucci. The invention of the latter had been stolen by Bell in complicity with Edward B. Grant, vice president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, which offered Meucci use its premises and store its equipment. Grant also asked to review the plans. Once they possess, Grant consistently rejected the date of the demonstration. After two years, in 1874, when Meucci demanded his plans and his camera, he replied that all was lost
[13] . And, thanks to plans by Antonio Graham, supported by lawyers and a nasty patent corrupt
validator [14] would use later to make his phone and supported his patent.
short, like every invention, the telephone from a original question: how to transmit the sounds, the human voice long distance? During a period of research, investigation, evaluation, it is possible to formulate a universal knowledge (paradigm) which will serve to others as a starting point to complete the earlier works. In addition, this research opens our eyes to the issues (theft theses) of an invention, requirements and risks of scientific inquiry.
For Serge Bouchard Fifteen platitudes, the phone, the phone is a handicap.
Moncel Th, Telephone, Paris, 4th ed. Hachette et Cie, 1882, p. 1.
Amedee Guillemin., Telegraph and Telephone, Paris, Hachette et Cie, 1886, p.1 16.
Moncel Th, Telephone, P. 2.
Bourseul: "if the word itself could not be transmitted by electricity, in a word if you could not speak in Vienna and be heard in Paris."
Website: Google.com.
Moncel Th, Telephone, p.52.
Moncel Th, Telephone, p.33.
Miche morra, Encyclopedic Dictionary History, Paris, Bordas, 1978, p. 4564.
Moncel Th, Telephone, P. 34.
Moncel Th, Telephone, pp. 65-66.
Moncel Th, Telephone, p.56.
In the words of Seth Shulman, an American journalist.
A beautiful architectural achievement 
